International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Drug Technology

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic abnormalities including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that markedly increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of management, but there is growing interest in adjunctive nutraceutical and phytopharmacological approaches capable of safely addressing multiple MetS components. Green tea, derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (family Theaceae), is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide and is rich in polyphenolic catechins, primarily (−)-epigallocatechin‑3‑gallate (EGCG), which have been extensively investigated for anti-obesity and metabolic benefits. This review provides a pharmacognostic and phytochemical perspective on C. sinensis as an anti-obesity agent in the context of MetS. Pharmacognostic sections summarize macroscopic and microscopic diagnostic features, physicochemical constants, and quality-control parameters for different tea types (green, white, oolong) based on recent standardization studies. Phytochemical sections describe major and minor constituents, with emphasis on catechins, caffeine, theaflavins, thearubigins, and other phenolics, and their quantitative variation by cultivar, processing, and extraction method. Mechanistic evidence from in vitro, animal, and human intervention studies is synthesized to delineate how tea polyphenols modulate body weight, adiposity, lipid and glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and inflammation. Proposed mechanisms include increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation via catechin–caffeine-induced sympathetic stimulation; inhibition of digestive enzymes and nutrient absorption; modulation of lipid metabolism and de novo lipogenesis; activation of AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK); improvement of insulin signaling; regulation of adipokine secretion; and remodeling of gut microbiota composition and function. Pharmacokinetic, safety, and formulation aspects are discussed, alongside limitations and variability in clinical trial outcomes. The review concludes that standardized C. sinensis preparations, especially catechin-enriched green tea extracts, represent promising multi-target adjuncts for obesity and MetS management, while highlighting the need for rigorous pharmacognostic standardization, dose–response characterization, and biomarker-driven clinical trials.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a nutritionally rich fruit widely recognized for its diverse therapeutic properties and extensive applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the composition, bioactive constituents, and biological activities of different parts of the fruit, including arils, seeds, and peel. Pomegranate is abundant in polyphenols such as ellagitannins (punicalagin and punicalin), ellagic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which contribute significantly to its pharmacological effects. The arils are a rich source of sugars, vitamins, and antioxidants, exhibiting strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and prebiotic activities. Seeds contain bioactive lipids, particularly punicic acid, associated with anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects. The peel, often considered agro-industrial waste, is highly enriched with phenolic compounds and demonstrates potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent advances in extraction techniques and nanoformulation strategies have further enhanced the bioavailability and applicability of these bioactive compounds. Overall, pomegranate and its by-products represent valuable natural resources with significant potential for the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and therapeutic agents. Further research is required to optimize extraction methods, understand molecular mechanisms, and explore clinical applications.

Peptic ulcer disease is a most common gastrointestinal ailment that cause mucosal erosion in the stomach or duodenum is most commonly induced by Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAIDs, stress, and lifestyle. Conventional therapies, including antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors effective, but causes potential side effects and recurrence risks. More focus has shifted towards complementary and alternative medicines, with special emphasis on herbal drugs and nutraceuticals because of their safety profile, cost-effectiveness, and comprehensive health benefits. Of these, Licoricey (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and Aloe vera have been shown to possess highly effective anti-ulcer effect. Licoricey contains autoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-H. pylori activities, whereas Aloe vera provides wound healing, antioxidant, and cytoprotective actions to the gastric mucosa. This review discusses the mechanism, effectiveness, and possible therapeutic applications of these natural compounds in the treatment of peptic ulcers, noting their synergistic potential with standard treatments.